아/es
From Korean Wiki Project
La forma gramatical A/V + 아/어/여 es una de las más importantes del coreano y es probablemente la más utilizada, ya que puede usarse como forma formal educada e informal entre amigos y personas de igual o menor estrato (dejando de lado el 요 al final). Muchas otras formas gramaticales dependen de las reglas básicas de conjugación de esta: ver esta página.
Contents
Usos
Esta forma gramatical es probablemente la más común en el coreano.
- Se usa para oraciones en presente informal, y agregar 요 al final las convierte en informal educado. Esto se puede usar para
This basic pattern is probably the most common grammar pattern in Korean.
- It is used for making informal present tense sentences, adding to the end 요 makes it become the informal polite form. This can be used to convey your thoughts, a fact or fact to someone else in the present tense. This can also be used for asking a question in the present tense. When asking a question your intonation should go up slightly.
- This pattern can also be used to issue a command (similar to V + 아/어 + 라 but not as strong) or give a suggestion. It's best to combine the verb/adjective stem with the honorific suffix 시 to make it more polite.
- When combined with the words 같이 or 함께 you are inviting or suggesting to the listener to do something together.
Notes
- Not adding a 요 is very informal and called 반말, which should only be used with friends, people that are younger than you, and people who are in a lower position than you. This is, however, dependent on the situation, and so may not always be true.
- To be more polite the honorific suffix 시 is added to the verb/adjective stem in many cases.
Conjugation Rules
There are three types of basic conjugation rules, the first two depend on whether or not a 오 or 아 verb appear in the last syllable of the adj/verb stem. The last rule is simply used for 하다 verbs. Please note that verbs/adjectives are put in the dictionary form (ending in -다, i.e. 가다), the stem is 가 (part without the 다).
Verb/Adj Stem + 아
- If the last syllable of the stem contains the vowels ㅗ or ㅏ, then 아 is added. If it is a stem with no 받침 like 가다, then an extra 아 isn't added.
- Please note this rule does not apply for 하다 verbs, see the section below for 하다 adj/verbs.
- Stems that end in 오 are often contracted to 와 (오 + 아 = 와), especially in colloquial speech.
- Irregular verbs do exist, see the irregular verbs section below for more details.
| Verb/Adjective | Stem | After Conjugation | Contracted Form | Present Tense | Past Tense |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 가다 (to go) | 가 | 가아 | 가 | 가(요) | 갔어(요) |
| 괜찮다 (to be fine, ok) | 괜찮 | 괜찮아 | N/A | 괜찮아(요) | 괜찮았어(요) |
| 놀다 (to play) | 놀 | 놀아 | N/A | 놀아(요) | 놀았어(요) |
| 맞다 (to be right, correct) | 맞 | 맞아 | N/A | 맞아(요) | 맞았어(요) |
| 보다 (to see) | 보 | 보아 | 봐 | 봐(요) / 보아(요 | 봤어(요) / 보았어(요) |
| 사다 (to buy) | 사 | 사아 | 사 | 사(요) | 샀어(요) |
| 오다 (to come) | 오 | 오아 | 와 | 와(요) / 오아(요) | 왔어(요) / 오았어(요) |
| 좋다 (to like) | 좋 | 좋아 | N/A | 좋아(요) | 좋았어(요) |
Verb/Adj Stem + 어
- If the last syllable of the stem contains any vowel other than 오, 아, and is not a 하다 verb then it becomes an 어. Note that verb stems with 이 turn into a 여(see next section), it is due to a contraction of 이 + 어 = 여.
- If the last syllable of the stem contains the vowel 이 and there's no 받침, i.e. 시키다, then it becomes a 여 (시켜). The 여 is a result of the contraction between 이 + 어. The contracted form is almost always used in spoken and written Korean. Also note a separate table of examples has been created below for the adj/verb stems which end in 이.
- Verbs that end in in the vowel ㅐ don't get anything conjugated to it, i.e. 내다 → 내요.
- Irregular verbs do exist, see the irregular verbs section below for more details.
| Verb/Adjective | Stem | After Conjugation | Contracted Form | Present Tense | Past Tense |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 먹다 (to eat) | 먹 | 먹어 | N/A | 먹어(요) | 먹었어(요) |
| 신다 (to put on shoes/socks) | 신 | 신어 | N/A | 신어(요) | 신었어(요) |
| 쓰다 (to write) | 쓰 | 쓰어 | 써 | 써(요) | 썼어(요) |
| 울다 (to cry) | 울 | 울어 | N/A | 울어(요) | 울었어(요) |
| 읽다 (to read) | 읽 | 읽어 | N/A | 읽어(요) | 읽었어(요) |
| 재미있다 (to be fun, interesting) | 재미있 | 재미있어 | N/A | 재미있어(요) | 재미있었어(요) |
| 주다 (to give) | 주 | 주어 | 줘 | 줘요 / 주어(요) | 줬어(요) / 주었어(요) |
| 크다 (to be big) | 크 | 크어 | 커 | 커(요) | 컸어(요) |
| 필요없다 (to be unnecessary) | 필요없 | 필요없어 | N/A | 필요없어(요) | 필요없었어(요) |
| 힘들다 (to be difficult, tiring) | 힘들 | 힘들어 | N/A | 힘들어(요) | 힘들었어(요) |
| Verb/Adjective | Stem | After Conjugation | Contracted Form(이 + 어 = 여) | Present Tense | Past Tense |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 내리다 (to descend) | 내리 | 내리어 | 내려 | 내려(요) | 내렸어(요) |
| 놀리다 (to tease, make fun of) | 놀리 | 놀리어 | 놀려 | 놀려(요) | 놀렸어(요) |
| 떨어지다(to fall) | 떨어지 | 떨어지어 | 떨어져 | 떨어져(요) | 떨어졌어(요) |
| 먹이다 (to feed) | 먹이 | 먹이어 | 먹여 | 먹여(요) | 먹였어(요) |
| 보이다 (to be seen, visible) | 보이 | 보이어 | 보여 | 보여(요) | 보였어(요) |
| 붙이다 (to attach, stick) | 붙이 | 붙이어 | 붙여 | 붙여(요) | 붙였어(요) |
| 빠지다 (to drown) | 빠지 | 빠지어 | 빠져 | 빠져(요) | 빠졌어(요) |
| 사라지다 (to disappear) | 사라지 | 사라지어 | 사라져 | 사라져(요) | 사라졌어(요) |
| 시키다 (to order) | 시키 | 시키어 | 시켜 | 시켜(요) | 시켰어(요) |
| 웃기다 (to make a person laugh) | 웃기 | 웃기어 | 웃겨 | 웃겨(요) | 웃겼어(요) |
여 Verbs/Adjectives (하다)
- Any verb or adjective that ends in 하다 falls under this category.
- The 하 becomes 해 due to a contraction with 하 and 여.
- The contracted form is used most of the time, especially in colloquial speech. However, 하여 is used mostly in very formal situations.
| Verb/Adjective | Stem | After Conjugation | Contracted Form | Present Tense | Past Tense |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 건강하다 (to be healthy) | 건강하 | 건강하여 | 건강해 | 건강해(요) | 건강했어(요) |
| 공부하다 (to study) | 공부하 | 공부하여 | 공부해 | 공부해(요) | 공부했어(요) |
| 궁금하다 (to be curious) | 궁금하 | 궁금하여 | 궁금해 | 궁금해(요) | 궁금했어(요) |
| 설명하다 (to explain) | 설명하 | 설명하여 | 설명해 | 설명해(요) | 설명했어(요) |
| 연락하다 (to contact someone) | 연락하 | 연락하여 | 연락해 | 연락해(요) | 연락했어(요) |
| 연습하다 (to practice) | 연습하 | 연습하여 | 연습해 | 연습해(요) | 연습했어(요) |
| 예약하다 (to make a reservation) | 예약하 | 예약하여 | 예약해 | 예약해(요) | 예약했어(요) |
| 좋아하다 (to like) | 좋아하 | 좋아하여 | 좋아해 | 좋아해(요) | 좋아했어(요) |
| 필요하다 (to need) | 필요하 | 필요하여 | 필요해 | 필요해(요) | 필요했어(요) |
| 행복하다 (to be happy) | 행복하 | 행복하여 | 행복해 | 행복해(요) | 행복했어(요) |
Sentence Examples
Informal and informal polite present tense:
| Korean | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 집에 가요? | Are you going home? | Informal polite |
| 돈 있어요? | Do you have money? | Informal polite |
| 그 여자는 진짜 예뻐요. | That girl is really pretty. | Informal polite, 예쁘다 is an irregular ㅅ adj/verb. |
| 시간 있으면 점심 같이 먹어요. | If you have time, let's eat lunch together. | Polite informal |
| 이 책은 재미없어. | This book is boring. | Low form (반말) |
| 철수는 건강해요. | Chul Su is healthy. | Informal polite |
| 우리 아버지는 정말 부지런해요. | My father is really diligent. | Informal polite. |
| 우리 엄마를 사랑해. | I love my mom | Low form (반말) |
| 중간고사가 어려워요. | The midterm exam is difficult. | Informal polite, 어렵다 is an irregular ㅂ adj/verb. |
| 지금 뭐 해? | What are you doing right now? | Low form 반말 |
Irregular Forms
Many irregular conjugations exist. See:
- ㄷ irregular verbs
- ㄹ irregular verbs
- 르 irregular verbs
- ㅂ irregular verbs
- ㅅ irregular verbs
- 으 irregular verbs
- ㅎ irregular verbs
Irregular Sentence Examples
Exceptions
- Many people say 맞어 instead of 맞아 and 아퍼 instead of 아파.
Sentence Examples Using Commands
As a command or suggestion:
| Korean | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 나 배고파. 빨리 시켜! | I'm hungry. Hurry up and order! | Low form (반말) |
| 야 빨리 가! | Hey hurry up and leave. | Low form (반말) |
| 물 좀 줘. | Give me some water. | Low form (반말) |
| 조용히 해. | Be quiet. | Low form (반말) |
| 앉으세요 | Please sit. | 앉다 + honorific suffix 시 to make it more polite. |
Grammars Which Also use 아/어/여 Conjugation
- A/V + 아/어 주다
- V + 아/어 + 야 되다
- V + 아/어 + 야 하다
- V + 아/어 + 야 지
- A/V + 았/었 + 다
- A/V + 아/어 + 서
- A/V + 아/어 + 도 되다
- A/V + 아/어 + 도 괜찮다
- V + 아/어 버리다
- V + 아/어 있다
See Category:아/어/여 form for more patterns.
See Also
- ㄷ irregular verbs
- ㄹ irregular verbs
- 르 irregular verbs
- ㅂ irregular verbs
- ㅅ irregular verbs
- 으 irregular verbs
- ㅎ irregular verbs
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