Korean Wiki Project - User contributions [en]

ㄹ irregular verbs

2012-11-20T00:38:44Z

Shublar: /* Step by Step Example 2 */

All verbs and adjectives whose stem ends with a ㄹ [[받침]] are irregular.

They conjugate like verbs without [[받침]] stem endings, and the ㄹ disappears if followed by ㄴ,ㅂ,ㅅ.

==Explanation==
Many Korean grammar patterns conjugate differently depending on whether the stem ends with or without a [[받침]]. In this wiki and many other text books, there is often a (으) in grammar patterns, such as [[A/V + (으)면]] and [[A/V + (으)니까]].

However, when ㄹ is the [[받침]], the conjugation follows the same pattern as the stems with no [[받침]].

For example, the pattern [[A/V + (으)면]] has two rules: if it has a 받침 at the end of the stem, add 으면 to the stem, otherwise just add 면 to the stem. But if ㄹ is the 받침, it does not take (으). It follows the same grammar pattern as the stems with no 받침. E.g. 팔면, 살면.

Furthermore, whenever the ㄹ [[받침]] is followed by ㄴ,ㅂ,ㅅ, the ㄹ disappears.

For example 팔다 in the grammar form [[V + (으)세요]] becomes 파세요, ''NOT'' 팔으세요 or 팔세요.

===Step by Step Example 1===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Grammar: [[A/V + (으)면]]
|-
! !! Pattern !! Case
|-
! Rule 1: || 면 || If there is no [[받침]]
|-
! Rule 2: || 으면 || If there is a [[받침]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Example of the Process for Conjugating [[A/V + (으)면]]
|-
! Step # !! 가다 (to go) !! 먹다 (to eat) !! 알다 (to know)
|-
| Step 1: Does it have a [[받침]] at the end of stem?
| No || Yes, the [[받침]] is ㄱ || Yes, the [[받침]] is ㄹ (special case)
|-
| Step 2: Find proper conjugation rule
| Use rule 1:<br> A/V + 면 || Use rule 2:<br> A/V + 으면 || It is a ㄹ [[받침]] (irregular) and we treat it like there is no [[받침]], so we must use rule 1 instead of rule 2, so A/V + 면
|-
| Step 3: Apply the conjugation rule
| 가면 || 먹으면 || 알면
|}

===Step by Step Example 2===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Grammar: [[A/V + (으)니까]]
|-
! !! Pattern !! Case
|-
! Rule 1: || 니까 || If there is no [[받침]]
|-
! Rule 2: || 으니까 || If there is a [[받침]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Example of the Process for Conjugating [[A/V + (으)니까]]
|-
! Step # !! 가다 (to go) !! 먹다 (to eat) !! 알다 (to know)
|-
| <div style="text-align: left; direction: ltr; margin-left: 1em;">Step 1: Does it have a [[받침]] at the end of stem?</div>
| No || Yes, the [[받침]] is ㄱ || Yes, the [[받침]] is ㄹ (special case)
|-
| <div style="text-align: left; direction: ltr; margin-left: 1em;">Step 2: Find proper conjugation rule</div>
| Use rule 1:<br> A/V + 니까 || Use rule 2:<br> A/V + 으니까 || It is a ㄹ [[받침]] (irregular) and we treat it like there is no [[받침]], so we must use rule 1 instead of rule 2, so A/V + 니까
|-
| <div style="text-align: left; direction: ltr; margin-left: 1em;">Step 3: Apply the conjugation rule</div>
| 가니까 || 먹으니까 || 알니까
|-
| <div style="text-align: left; direction: ltr; margin-left: 1em;">Step 4: Fix conflict</div>
| No conflict(regular verb) || No conflict(regular verb) || The ㄹ disappears and it becomes 아니까<br> because there was a conflict between the ㄹ [[받침]] and ㄴ in the previous step.
|}

==More Examples==
Below is a table of various conjugation examples.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Conjugation Examples
|-
! Verb/Adj !! [[A/V + (스)ㅂ니다]] !! [[A/V + 아/어/여 + 요]] !! [[A/V + 았 / 었 + 어요]] !! [[A/V + (으)ㄹ 거예요]]
! [[A/V + (으)니까]] !! [[A/V + (으)면]] !! [[A + 군요]] / [[V + 는군요]] !! [[A/V + 니]] !! [[V + (으)세요]]
|-
| 길다 (to be long)
| 깁니다 || 길어요 || 길었어요 || 길 거예요 || 기니까 || 길면 || 길군요 || 기니 ||
|-
| 놀다 (to play)
| 놉니다 || 놀아요 || 놀았어요 || 놀 거예요 || 노니까 || 놀면 || 노는군요 || 노니 || 노세요
|-
| 들다 (to carry)
| 듭니다 || 들어요 || 들었어요 || 들 거예요 || 드니까 || 들면|| 드는군요 || 드니 || 드세요
|-
| 만들다 (to make)
| 만듭니다 || 만들어요 || 만들었어요 || 만들 거예요 || 만드니까 || 만들면|| 만드는군요 || 만드니 || 만드세요
|-
| 멀다 (to be far)
| 멉니다 || 멀어요 || 멀었어요 || 멀 거예요 || 머니까 || 멀면 || 멀군요 || 머니 ||
|-
| 살다 (to live)
| 삽니다 || 살아요 || 살았어요 || 살 거예요 || 사니까 || 살면 || 사는군요 || 사니 || 사세요
|-
| 알다 (to know)
| 압니다 || 알아요 || 알았어요 || 알 거예요|| 아니까|| 알면 || 아는군요 || 아니 || 아세요
|-
| 열다 (to open, unlock)
| 엽니다 || 열어요 || 열었어요 || 열 거예요|| 여니까|| 열면 || 여는군요 || 여니 || 여세요
|-
| 울다 (to cry)
| 웁니다 || 울어요 || 울었어요 || 울 거예요|| 우니까|| 울면 || 우는군요 || 우니 || 우세요
|-
| 팔다 (to sell)
| 팝니다 || 팔아요 || 팔았어요 || 팔 거예요|| 파니까|| 팔면 || 파는군요 || 파니 ||파세요
|-
| 힘들다 (to difficult, tiring)
| 힘듭니다 || 힘들어요 || 힘들었어요 || 힘들 거예요 || 힘드니까 || 힘들면 || 힘들군요 || 힘드니 ||
|}
[[Category:Irregular verbs|Irregular ㄹ verbs]]
[[Category:Grammar]]

Body parts

2012-11-20T00:27:03Z

Shublar: /* Internal organs */

Body parts.

==General==
*털 – Hair
*피 – Blood
*피부 <[[皮]][[膚]]> – Skin
*몸 - Body
*뼈 - Bone
*근육 <[[筋]][[肉]]> - Muscle
*땀 - Sweat
*침 - Spit, saliva
*침 뱉다 - To spit
*목 - Neck, throat
*[[인]][[체]] <[[人]][[體]]> - Human body (scientific term)
*암내 - Body odor, specifically from the armpits
*흉터 - scar
*점 - mole
*여드름 / 뾰루지 - pimple

==Head==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Korean !! English !! Comment
|-
|광대뼈 ||Cheekbone ||
|-
|구레나룻 ||Sideburns || Many people say '구렛나루' instead of '구레나룻'
|-
|귀 ||Ear ||
|-
|눈 ||Eye(s) ||
|-
|눈썹 ||Eyebrow ||
*숯검댕 눈썹 - bushy eyebrows
*일자눈썹 - unibrow
|-
|두개골 ||Skull ||
|-
|두피 ||Scalp ||
|-
|머리 ||Head, hair ||
|-
|고개 ||Head ||
|-
|머리카락 ||Hair (on the head) ||
*직모 - straight hair
*생머리 - straight hair
*곱슬머리 - curly hair
*반곱슬 머리 - wavy hair
*앞머리 - bangs
*대머리 - bald
*빡빡머리 - shaved head
|-
|모근 <[[毛]][[根]]> ||Root of hair ||
|-
|보조개 ||Dimple ||
|-
|볼 ||Cheek ||
|-
|뺨 ||Cheek ||
|-
|수염 ||Facial hair ||
*솜털 - peach fuzz
*콧수염 - mustache
*염소수염 - goatee
*턱수염 - beard
|-
|얼굴 ||Face ||
|-
|이마 ||Forehead ||
|-
|입 ||Mouth ||
|-
|입술 ||Lip ||
|-
|치아 <齒牙> ||Tooth, teeth || Formal term
|-
|코 ||Nose ||
|-
|콧구멍 ||Nostril ||
|-
|콧대 ||Bridge of nose ||
|-
|턱 ||Jaw ||
|-
|턱 끝 ||Chin ||
|}

===Ears (귀)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Korean !! English !! Comment
|-
| 고막||Eardrum ||
|-
| 귀지||Earwax ||
|-
| 귓불||Earlobe ||Many people say 귓볼 instead of 귓불.
|-
| 이도||Ear canal ||Formal
|}

===Eyes (눈)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Korean !! English !! Comment
|-
|각막 ||Cornea ||
|-
|눈구멍 / 안와 ||Eye socket ||'눈구멍'이라는 말은 거의 쓰이지 않아요. 거의 쓸 일이 없거든요. 병원에서는 '안와'라는 말을 씁니다.
|-
|눈꺼풀 ||Eyelid ||
|-
|눈동자||Pupil ||
|-
|동공 ||Pupil ||눈동자 중앙의 까만 부분
|-
|망막 ||Retina ||
|-
|속눈썹 ||Eyelash ||
|-
|쌍꺼풀 ||Double eyelids ||
|-
|안구 ||Eyeball ||
|-
| 홍채||Iris ||
|}

===Mouth (입)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Korean !! English !! Comment
|-
| 사랑니|| Wisdom teeth|| Literally means love teeth
|-
| 앞니 || Incisors, front teeth ||
|-
| 어금니|| Molar ||
|-
| 입가 || Side of the mouth ||
|-
| 의치 <[[義]][[齒]]> || Dentures ||
|-
| 이||Tooth, teeth ||
|-
| 이빨||Tooth, teeth ||Technically supposed to be used for animals only, but people still use it for humans
|-
| 잇몸||Gums ||
|-
| 젖니||Baby teeth ||Also 유치<[[乳]][[齒]]>, 배냇니
|-
| 영구치 <[[永]][[久]][[齒]]>||One's permanant tooth
|-
| 충치||Decayed tooth ||
|-
| 혀||Tongue ||
|}

==Neck==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Korean !! English !! Comment
|-
| 목||Neck/throat ||
|-
| 목젖||Adam's apple ||
|-
| 성대 <[[聲]][[帶]]> ||Vocal cord ||
|-
| 편도선 <[[扁]][[桃]][[腺]]> ||Tonsils ||
|-
| 기관 <[[氣]][[管]]> ||Windpipe, trachea ||
|-
| 식도 <[[食]][[道]]> ||Esophagus ||
|}

==Torso==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Korean !! English !! Comment
|-
| 가슴||Chest, the breast, the heart ||
|-
| 갈비뼈||Rib ||
|-
| 견갑골 || shoulder blade
|-
| 골반||Pelvis, hip||
|-
| 등 ||Back ||
|-
| 아랫배 / 똥배|| Potbelly ||
|-
| 명치||The solar plexus ||
|-
| 몸통||Torso ||
|-
| 배||Stomach ||
|-
| 배꼽 ||Belly button ||
|-
| 쇄골 ||Collarbone ||
|-
| 어깨||Shoulder ||
|-
| 옆구리||Ribs, Side ||
|-
| 옆구리||Side ||
|-
| 유두 <[[乳]][[頭]]> / 젖꼭지||Nipple ||
|-
| 유방 / 가슴 ||Breast || 유두 and 유방 are used at hospital or news or something. 젖꼭지 and 가슴 are used spoken language.
|-
| 허리 ||Waist, lower back ||
|-
|복부 ||Abdomen||
|}

==Arms and hands==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Korean !! English !! Comment
|-
|검지(손가락)||Index finger ||
|-
|겨드랑이 ||Armpit ||
|-
|겨드랑이 털 ||Armpit hair ||
|-
|새끼손가락||Pinky/little finger ||
|-
|손||Hand ||
|-
|손 거스러미||Hangnail ||'거스러미' 라는 말은 잘 쓰이지 않아요. '손에 가시가 나다 / 손에 가시가 생기다'(have a hangnail) 라고 자주 쓰입니다.
|-
|손가락||Finger ||
|-
|손가락 관절, 손가락 마디 ||Knuckle ||
|-
|손등 ||Back of the hand ||
|-
|손목 ||Wrist ||
|-
|손바닥||Palm ||
|-
|손톱 ||Nail ||
|-
|약지(손가락) ||Ring finger ||
|-
|엄지(손가락)||Thumb ||
|-
|중지(손가락) ||Middle finger ||
|-
|오른손 ||Right hand ||
|-
|왼손 ||Left Hand ||
|-
|주먹||Fist ||
|-
|팔||Arm ||
|-
|팔꿈치 ||Elbow ||
|-
|팔뚝 ||Forearm ||
|-
|상박 ||Upper arm ||'상박' 이라는 말은 실생활에서 거의 쓰이지 않고, 병원이나 헬스클럽(gym)에서만 쓰여요. 보통 그냥 '팔 윗부분' 이라고 합니다.
|}

==Sexual and Reproductive Body Parts==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Korean !! English !! Comment
|-
|고추 ||Penis ||This is a cute slang. 고추 literally means chili pepper.
|-
|고환 <[[睾]][[丸]]> ||Testicles||Formal(?)
|-
|국부 ||Genital area||formal
|-
|궁댕이, 궁둥이, 궁디 || Buttocks||Slang for buttocks, may not be considered polite
|-
|난소 ||Ovary ||
|-
|난자 ||Egg (ovum) ||
|-
|똥꼬 ||Anus ||This is a cute slang for an anus, often used my little kids.
|-
|똥구멍 ||Anus ||Informal
|-
|불알 ||Testicles ||Informal
|-
|사타구니 ||Crotch / groin ||
|-
|생식기 ||Genitalia||Formal
|-
|성기 ||Genitalia ||Formal
|-
|엉덩이 ||Buttocks ||
|-
|엉덩이골 || Butt crack
|-
|요도 <[[尿]][[道]]> - Urethra ||
|-
|음경 / 남근 <[[男]][[根]]> ||Penis||Formal
|-
|음낭 ||Scrotum ||Formal
|-
|음모 ||Pubic hair ||Formal
|-
|음부 ||Private parts||Formal
|-
|음순 ||Labia||Formal
|-
|음핵 ||Clitoris ||Formal
|-
|자궁 <[[子]][[宮]]> ||Uterus, womb ||
|-
|정액 ||Semen ||
|-
|정자 <[[精]][[子]]> ||Sperm ||
|-
|질 ||Vagina ||
|-
|처녀막 ||Hymen ||
|-
|항문 <[[肛]][[門]]> ||Anus || Formal
|}

==Legs and feet==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Korean !! English !! Comment
|-
|꼬리뼈 || tailbone, coccyx ||
|-
|꿀벅지 ||Honey highs, nice legs ||Slang
|-
|넓적다리 ||Thigh ||Formal
|-
|다리 ||Leg ||
|-
|무릎 ||Knee ||
|-
|무릎 안쪽 ||Back of the knee ||
|-
|발 ||Feet ||
|-
|발가락 ||Toe ||
|-
|발가락 봉우리 ||Ball of the foot ||
|-
|발꿈치(뒤꿈치/발뒤꿈치) ||Heel ||
|-
|발등 ||Instep ||
|-
|발목 ||Ankle ||
|-
|발바닥 ||Sole of the foot ||
|-
|발바닥의 중심 ||Arch of the foot ||
|-
|발톱 ||Toenail||Also means claw for animals
|-
|슬 개골 ||Kneecap ||
|-
|아킬레스 건 ||Achilles tendon ||
|-
|오른발 ||Right food ||
|-
|왼발 ||Left food ||
|-
|정강이 ||Shin ||
|-
|종아리 ||Calf ||
|-
|허벅지 ||Thigh ||
|}

==Internal organs==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Korean !! English !! Comment
|-
|간 <[[肝]]> ||Liver ||
|-
|결장 <[[結]][[腸]]> ||Colon ||
|-
|뇌 <[[腦]]> ||Brain ||
|-
|담낭 <[[膽]][[囊]]> ||Gall bladder ||
|-
|대장 <[[大]][[腸]]> ||Large intestine ||
|-
|심장 ||Heart ||Heart (Physical Organ)
|-
|마음 ||Heart, mind ||Heart (Metaphysical - mind, feelings) The meaning depends on the context, but informal none the less.
|-
|맹장 <[[盲]][[腸]]> ||Appendix ||
|-
|방광 <[[膀]][[胱]]> ||Bladder ||
|-
|비장 <[[脾]][[臟]]> ||Spleen ||
|-
|소장 <[[小]][[腸]]> ||Small intestine ||
|-
|신장 <[[腎]][[臟]]> ||Kidneys ||
|-
|심장 <[[心]][[臟]]> ||Heart ||
|-
|위 <[[胃]]> ||Stomach ||
|-
|폐 <[[肺]]> , 허파 ||Lungs ||
|-
|장 <[[腸]]> ||Intestines ||
|}

==Animal Body Parts==
Special words for animal body parts

==See Also==
*[[Body actions]]
*[[Muscles]]

[[Category:Vocabulary]]