Difference between revisions of "Phonotactics"
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Korean syllable structure is maximally /CgVC/, where ''g'' is a glide {{IPA|/j/}} or {{IPA|/w/}}. Any consonant but {{IPA|/ŋ/}} may occur initially, whereas only {{IPA|/p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/}} may occur finally. Sequences of two consonants may occur between vowels, as outlined above. However, morphemes may also end in CC [[consonant cluster|clusters]], which are only both expressed when followed by a vowel. When the morpheme is not suffixed, one of the consonants is not expressed; if there is a {{IPA|/h/}}, which cannot appear in final position, it will be that; otherwise it will be a coronal consonant, and if the sequence is two coronals, then the voiceless one ({{IPA|/s, tʰ, tɕ/}}) will drop, and {{IPA|/n/}} or {{IPA|/l/}} will remain. That is, no sequence reduces to {{IPA|[t̚]}} in final position. | Korean syllable structure is maximally /CgVC/, where ''g'' is a glide {{IPA|/j/}} or {{IPA|/w/}}. Any consonant but {{IPA|/ŋ/}} may occur initially, whereas only {{IPA|/p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/}} may occur finally. Sequences of two consonants may occur between vowels, as outlined above. However, morphemes may also end in CC [[consonant cluster|clusters]], which are only both expressed when followed by a vowel. When the morpheme is not suffixed, one of the consonants is not expressed; if there is a {{IPA|/h/}}, which cannot appear in final position, it will be that; otherwise it will be a coronal consonant, and if the sequence is two coronals, then the voiceless one ({{IPA|/s, tʰ, tɕ/}}) will drop, and {{IPA|/n/}} or {{IPA|/l/}} will remain. That is, no sequence reduces to {{IPA|[t̚]}} in final position. | ||
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|-style="text-align: center;" | |-style="text-align: center;" | ||
!Final allophone | !Final allophone | ||
| − | | colspan=2| | + | | colspan=2|ㄱ |
| − | | colspan=2| | + | | colspan=2|ㄴ |
| − | | colspan=3| | + | | colspan=3|ㄹ |
| − | | colspan=3| | + | | colspan=3|ㅂ |
| {{IPA|[m]}} | | {{IPA|[m]}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
| − | When such a sequence is followed by a consonant, the same reduction takes place, but a trace of the lost consonant may remain in its effect on the following consonant. These effects are the same as in a sequence between vowels: an elided obstruent will leave the third consonant fortis, if it's a stop, and an elided {{IPA|//h//}} will leave it aspirated. Most conceivable combinations do not actually occur; | + | When such a sequence is followed by a consonant, the same reduction takes place, but a trace of the lost consonant may remain in its effect on the following consonant. These effects are the same as in a sequence between vowels: an elided obstruent will leave the third consonant fortis, if it's a stop, and an elided {{IPA|//h//}} will leave it aspirated. Most conceivable combinations do not actually occur;For example, morpheme-final {{IPA|//lp//}} only occurs in verb roots such as 밟 ''balb,'' and is only ever followed by the consonants ''d, j, g, n.'' a few examples are: {{IPA|//lh-tɕ//}} = {{IPA|[ltɕʰ]}}, {{IPA|//nh-t//}} = {{IPA|[ntʰ]}}, {{IPA|//nh-s//}} = {{IPA|[ns͈]}}, {{IPA|//ltʰ-t//}} = {{IPA|[lt͈]}}, {{IPA|//ps-k//}} = {{IPA|[p̚k͈]}}, {{IPA|//ps-tɕ//}} = {{IPA|[p̚t͈ɕ]}}; also {{IPA|//ps-n//}} = {{IPA|[mn]}}, as {{IPA|/s/}} has no effect on a following {{IPA|/n/}}, and {{IPA|//ks-h//}} = {{IPA|[kʰ]}}, with the {{IPA|/s/}} dropping out. |
When the second and third consonants are homorganic obstruents, they merge, becoming fortis or aspirate, and—depending on the word, and a preceding {{IPA|//l//}} might not elide: {{IPA|//lk-k//}} is {{IPA|[lk͈]}}. | When the second and third consonants are homorganic obstruents, they merge, becoming fortis or aspirate, and—depending on the word, and a preceding {{IPA|//l//}} might not elide: {{IPA|//lk-k//}} is {{IPA|[lk͈]}}. | ||
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An elided {{IPA|//l//}} has no effect: {{IPA|//lk-t//}} = {{IPA|[k̚t͈]}}, {{IPA|//lk-tɕ//}} = {{IPA|[k̚t͈ɕ]}}, {{IPA|//lk-s//}} = {{IPA|[k̚s͈]}}, {{IPA|//lk-n//}} = {{IPA|[ŋn]}}, {{IPA|//lm-t//}} = {{IPA|[md]}}, {{IPA|//lp-k//}} = {{IPA|[p̚k͈]}}, {{IPA|//lp-t//}} = {{IPA|[p̚t͈]}}, {{IPA|//lp-tɕ//}} = {{IPA|[p̚t͈ɕ]}}, {{IPA|//lpʰ-t//}} = {{IPA|[p̚t͈]}}, {{IPA|//lpʰ-tɕ//}} = {{IPA|[p̚t͈ɕ]}}, {{IPA|//lp-n//}} = {{IPA|[mn]}}. | An elided {{IPA|//l//}} has no effect: {{IPA|//lk-t//}} = {{IPA|[k̚t͈]}}, {{IPA|//lk-tɕ//}} = {{IPA|[k̚t͈ɕ]}}, {{IPA|//lk-s//}} = {{IPA|[k̚s͈]}}, {{IPA|//lk-n//}} = {{IPA|[ŋn]}}, {{IPA|//lm-t//}} = {{IPA|[md]}}, {{IPA|//lp-k//}} = {{IPA|[p̚k͈]}}, {{IPA|//lp-t//}} = {{IPA|[p̚t͈]}}, {{IPA|//lp-tɕ//}} = {{IPA|[p̚t͈ɕ]}}, {{IPA|//lpʰ-t//}} = {{IPA|[p̚t͈]}}, {{IPA|//lpʰ-tɕ//}} = {{IPA|[p̚t͈ɕ]}}, {{IPA|//lp-n//}} = {{IPA|[mn]}}. | ||
| − | Among vowels, the sequences {{IPA|/*jø, *jɯ, *ji, *wo, *wɯ, *wu/}} do not occur, and it is not possible to write them using standard hangul. | + | Among vowels, the sequences {{IPA|/*jø, *jɯ, *ji, *wo, *wɯ, *wu/}} do not occur, and it is not possible to write them using standard hangul.While 워 is romanized as ''wo,'' it does not represent {{IPA|/wo/}}, but rather {{IPA|/wʌ/}} instead. The semivowel {{IPA|[ɰ]}} only occurs in the diphthong {{IPA|/ɰ͡i/}}. |
[[Category:Consonants]] | [[Category:Consonants]] | ||
Latest revision as of 04:30, 21 August 2009
Korean syllable structure is maximally /CgVC/, where g is a glide /j/ or /w/. Any consonant but /ŋ/ may occur initially, whereas only /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/ may occur finally. Sequences of two consonants may occur between vowels, as outlined above. However, morphemes may also end in CC clusters, which are only both expressed when followed by a vowel. When the morpheme is not suffixed, one of the consonants is not expressed; if there is a /h/, which cannot appear in final position, it will be that; otherwise it will be a coronal consonant, and if the sequence is two coronals, then the voiceless one (/s, tʰ, tɕ/) will drop, and /n/ or /l/ will remain. That is, no sequence reduces to [t̚] in final position.
Sequence ㄳ
gsㄺ
lgㄵ
njㄶ
nhㄽ
lsㄾ
ltㅀ
lhㅄ
bsㄼ
lbㄿ
lpㄻ
lmMedial allophone [k̚s͈] [lɡ] [ndʑ] [n(ɦ)] [ls] [ltʰ] [l(ɦ)] [p̚s͈] [lb] [lpʰ] [lm] Final allophone ㄱ ㄴ ㄹ ㅂ [m]
When such a sequence is followed by a consonant, the same reduction takes place, but a trace of the lost consonant may remain in its effect on the following consonant. These effects are the same as in a sequence between vowels: an elided obstruent will leave the third consonant fortis, if it's a stop, and an elided //h// will leave it aspirated. Most conceivable combinations do not actually occur;For example, morpheme-final //lp// only occurs in verb roots such as 밟 balb, and is only ever followed by the consonants d, j, g, n. a few examples are: //lh-tɕ// = [ltɕʰ], //nh-t// = [ntʰ], //nh-s// = [ns͈], //ltʰ-t// = [lt͈], //ps-k// = [p̚k͈], //ps-tɕ// = [p̚t͈ɕ]; also //ps-n// = [mn], as /s/ has no effect on a following /n/, and //ks-h// = [kʰ], with the /s/ dropping out.
When the second and third consonants are homorganic obstruents, they merge, becoming fortis or aspirate, and—depending on the word, and a preceding //l// might not elide: //lk-k// is [lk͈].
An elided //l// has no effect: //lk-t// = [k̚t͈], //lk-tɕ// = [k̚t͈ɕ], //lk-s// = [k̚s͈], //lk-n// = [ŋn], //lm-t// = [md], //lp-k// = [p̚k͈], //lp-t// = [p̚t͈], //lp-tɕ// = [p̚t͈ɕ], //lpʰ-t// = [p̚t͈], //lpʰ-tɕ// = [p̚t͈ɕ], //lp-n// = [mn].
Among vowels, the sequences /*jø, *jɯ, *ji, *wo, *wɯ, *wu/ do not occur, and it is not possible to write them using standard hangul.While 워 is romanized as wo, it does not represent /wo/, but rather /wʌ/ instead. The semivowel [ɰ] only occurs in the diphthong /ɰ͡i/.
