Difference between revisions of "Causative form"
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*굽다 : bend | *굽다 : bend | ||
*굽어지다 : to become (naturally) bent : (''-어지다'' is always passive. In this case, 굽다 follows the regular conjugation rule) | *굽어지다 : to become (naturally) bent : (''-어지다'' is always passive. In this case, 굽다 follows the regular conjugation rule) | ||
| − | *굽히다 : to make something become bent : (this ''-히'' is causative) | + | *굽히다 : to make something become bent , to bend : (this ''-히'' is causative) |
*굽혀지다 : to become bent by someone : (causative + passive) | *굽혀지다 : to become bent by someone : (causative + passive) | ||
*굽다 : to bake | *굽다 : to bake | ||
Revision as of 19:16, 26 May 2019
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A causative form, in linguistics, (a) is an expression of an agent causing or forcing a patient to perform an action or to be in a certain condition--salient cause, (b) is an expression of a patient involves in a non-volitional event that registers the changes of its state--salient effect, (c) is an expression of a grammatical modality in perfective (sequential) or subjenctive (hypothetical) or realis (non-hypothetical) state--perceptual salient. In Korean, this form is called 사동.
The Korean passive and causative conjugations pose a lot of confusing aspects and many Korean materials don't even teach this part properly. This grammar part may even be hard for some native Korean speakers. For example, 굽다 has two meanings and their conjugation forms are completely different.
- 굽다 : bend
- 굽어지다 : to become (naturally) bent : (-어지다 is always passive. In this case, 굽다 follows the regular conjugation rule)
- 굽히다 : to make something become bent , to bend : (this -히 is causative)
- 굽혀지다 : to become bent by someone : (causative + passive)
- 굽다 : to bake
- 구워지다 : to be baked : (-어지다 is always passive. In this case, 굽다 follows the ㅂ irregular conjugation rule)
In the example above, -히 is a causative particle, but it can be either a passive partical in many other verbs.
- 먹다 : to eat
- 먹히다 : to be eaten : (this -히 is passive)
- 먹이다 : to make/let someone eat , to feed : (this -이 is causative)
In some cases, passive and causative forms are identical.
- 보다 : to see
- 보이다 : to be seen : (to avoid confusion, 보여지다 is sometimes used but this is wrong because this word is using double passive (-이 and -어지다 both are passive))
- 보이다 : to make/let someone see , to show : (to avoid confusion, 보여주다 is used in most cases)
There are many verbs that even many native Koreans fail to conjugate correctly.
- 잊다 : to forget
- 잊히다 : to be forgotten (passive)
- 잊혀지다 : to be forgotten (double passive using both -히 and -어지다. This is wrong)
- 잊게 하다 : to make/let someone forget something (in this case, -게 하다 is the proper causative form)
Each form of every verb should be memorized.
Forming causatives
Explaining the form with subject marker, object marker, etc.
| Active verb | Causative verb | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 먹다 (to eat) | 먹이다 (to make/let someone eat , to feed) |
Active- 나는 김치를 먹는다.(I eat Kimchi) Causative- 나는 강아지에게 물을 먹인다.(I make my dog drink water) |
| 죽다 (to die) | 죽이다 (to make/let someone die , to kill) |
Active- 지진 때문에 많은 사람이 죽었다. (Many people died from the earthquake.) Causative- 그는 사람을 죽였다. (He killed a person.) |
| 붙다 (to stick to) | 붙이다 (to make/let someting stick to) |
Active- 나는 벽에 붙는다. (I stick to the wall.) Causative- 나는 사진을 벽에 붙인다. (I make the picture stick to the wall.) |
| 끓다 (to boil) | 끓이다 (to make/let something boil) |
Active- 물은 100℃ 이상에서 끓는다. (Water boils in the temperature of 100℃ and over.) Causative- 나는 김치찌개를 끓인다. (I make the Kimchi-jjigae boil. / I boil the Kimchi-jjigae.) |
| 보다 (to see, to look, to watch) | 보이다 (to show) |
Active- 나는 영화를 보았다. (I saw a movie.) Causative- 학생이 내게 사진을 보였다. (A student showed me a photograph.) |
| 속다 (to be fooled, to be deceived) | 속이다 (to make/let someone be fooled) |
Active- 또다시 일기예보에게 속았다. (I am fooled by the weather forecast again.) Causative- 절대로 사람을 속이지 마라. (Never deceive a person.) |
| Active verb | Causative verb | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 익다 | 익히다 | |
| 읽다 (to read) | 읽히다 | |
| 입다 (to wear) | 입히다 | |
| 앉다 (to sit) | 앉히다 | |
| 눕다 | 눕히다 | |
| 맞다 | 맞히다 |
| Active verb | Causative verb | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 알다 | 알리다 | |
| 울다 | 울리다 | |
| 돌다 | 돌리다 | |
| 살다 | 살리다 | |
| 놀다 | 놀리다 | |
| 걸다 (to hang) | 걸리다 |
| Active verb | Causative verb | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 벗다 | 벗기다 | |
| 신다 | 신기다 | |
| 웃다 | 웃기다 | |
| 맡다 | 맡기다 | |
| 감다 | 감기다 | |
| 씻다 | 씻기다 |
| Active verb | Causative verb | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 깨다 | 깨우다 | |
| 서다 | 세우다 | |
| 쓰다 | 씌우다 | |
| 자다 | 재우다 | |
| 타다 | 태우다 |
Creating causative form
The causative form can also be created using: See V + 게 하다
