TTMIK nível 7 lição 11 (Brasil)

No português, quando você quer dizer "fazer com que alguém faça algo" ou "fazer algo fazer algo", você precisa desse palavra extra "fazer" ou de outras palavras tais como "deixar", "ter", etc. Mas em coreano, isso funciona de uma forma levemente diferente. Na Lição 21 do Nível 6, introduzimos os sufixos -이/히/리/기- que fazem do verbo uma "voz passiva". Esses mesmos sufixos são também usados para converter o verbo para um verbo causativo. Sufixos causativos: -이- -히- -리- -기- -우- -구- -추- There are general rules for where these suffixes are used, but there are a lot of exceptions so it’s best to learn by trial and error as well as by looking at a lot of common examples. Not all the verbs, however, can be changed into causative verbs by adding these suffixes. You can’t form a causative verb with -이/히/리/기/우/구/추- when the verb is already a transitive verb. For example, “to push” is 밀다 in Korean and it’s already a transitive verb. So if you add - 리 to it and make it 밀리다, it is changed to the passive voice, “to be pushed”. At first, it will be easier for you to “understand” these suffixes than to “use” them. When a certain verb doesn’t work with these suffixes, you can still change it into the causative form by adding -게 하다. An example of such verbs is 가다. 가다 doesn’t work with -이/히/리/기/우/구/추-, so you can only say “가게 하다” to say “to make some- one go”. All verbs can be changed into the causative form by using -게 하다. Some verbs can be changed into the causative form by using -이/히/리/기/우/구/추-. (These verbs are more commonly used with -이/히/리/기/우/구/추- than with -게 하다.) 1. -이- -이- is used mostly after a vowel or sometimes after ㄱ. Ex) 녹다 = to melt / 녹이다 = to make something melt, to melt something 보다 = to see / 보이다 = to show 높다 = to be high / 높이다 = to make something higher, to heighten 2. -히- -히- is used mostly after ㄱ, ㄷ, or ㅂ. Ex) 입다 = to wear / 입히다 = to make someone wear something 읽다 = to read / 읽히다 = to make someone read something 앉다 = to sit / 앉히다 = to seat someone, to make someone sit 밝다 = to be bright / 밝히다 = to brighten 3. -리- -리- is used mostly after ㄹ or ㄷ irregular. Ex) 울다 = to cry / 울리다 = to make someone cry 놀다 = to play / 놀리다 = to let/make someone play, to tease 4. -기- -기- is used mostly after ㄴ, ㅁ, or ㅅ. Ex) 신다 = to wear (shoes) / 신기다 = to make someone wear (shoes) 안다 = to hug / 안기다 = to make someone hug someone 5. -우/구/추- -우/구/추- have too many exceptions to generalize the rule. 낮다 = to be low / 낮추다 = to lower, to make something lower 맞다 = to fit / 맞추다 = to guess correctly, to make something fit 자다 = to sleep / 재우다 = to make someone sleep 크다 = to be big / 키우다 = to make something bigger, to grow 차다 = to be filled up / 채우다 = to fill 하다 and 시키다 If you remember from the passive voice lessons, 하다 changes to 되다 when you make it pas- sive. When you want to use 하다 and say “make someone do something”, you can use the word 시키다. This can also be applied to many “noun+-하다” verbs. Examples: 공부하다 = to study / 공부시키다 = to make someone study 준비하다 = to prepare / 준비시키다 = to get someone ready Sample Sentences 1. 아이들 울리지 마세요. = Don’t make the kids cry. 2. 너무 높으니까 좀 낮춰 주세요. = It’s too high, so lower it a little. 3. 다른 것도 보여 주세요. = Show me some other things, too. 4. 제가 너무 바빠서 다른 사람한테 시켰어요. = I was too busy so I made another person do it. 5. 아이 세 명을 키우고 있어요. = I am raising three kids. Even More Examples 1. 좁다 = to be narrow / 좁히다 = to make something narrower 2. 넓다 = to be wide / 넓히다 = to widen 3. 남다 = to remain / 남기다 = to leave (a comment), to leave something over 4. 숨다 = to hide / 숨기다 = to hide something, to make something hidden 5. 넘다 = to go over / 넘기다 = to make something go over something